What is secondary school in American?

Dunbar High School defied the odds and in the process changed America. In the first half of the twentieth century, Washington D.C’s Dunbar High was an academically elite public school, despite being racially segregated by law and existing at the mercy of racist congressmen who held the school’s purse strings. The school’s well-educated teachers developed generations of high-achieving African Americans, groundbreakers that included the first black member of a presidential cabinet, the first black graduate of the US Naval Academy and the legal mastermind behind school desegregation. Today, as with too many troubled urban public schools, the majority of Dunbar students struggle with reading and math. But there is hope with the opening of a brand new $122 million facility that will bear the Dunbar name.

Chapter 1: It Is What It Is

In 2008, Dunbar’s marching band, The Crimson Tide, was chosen to participate in the inaugural parade for President Barack Obama. It could have been a catalyst for change at a school in desperate need of help. An in-depth interview with the band director revealed that what should have been an uplifting experience turned into a living example of Dunbar’s woes.

Chapter 2: Teaching to Teach

Shortly after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, Congress established public schools for all in the nation’s capital. Myrtilla Miner, a frail but fierce white abolitionist, dedicated her life to teaching black women to teach. Miner chose Washington DC to fulfill her goal, despite death threats and financial ruin. Her work would influence Dunbar High School for generations.

Chapter 3: The Law Giveth and The Law Taketh Away

William Syphax and local “colored” community leaders saw their moment to establish a secondary school. The Preparatory School for Colored Youth began on November 4, 1870 in a church basement with four students. For twenty years the school did not have a permanent home. It was a great triumph when city leaders finally agreed to build the “colored” children their own high school, renamed the M Street School. It was a bittersweet victory: by the time the school was built, many civil rights gains had been curtailed in the backlash against Reconstruction.

Chapter 4: It’s the Principal

Anna Julia Haywood Cooper was married at 17 and widowed at 19. She bucked the odds, went to college, and became a leading feminist intellectual known throughout the country. At the turn of the century, she was also the powerhouse principal of the M Street School. She saw to it that her “scholars” received a rigorous high school education and were accepted at the most prestigious white institutions. However, certain powers that be tried to destroy her and her mission, and they almost succeeded.

Chapter 5: Brick and Mortarboards

The M Street School was moved and expanded to accommodate the growing demand for education. Dunbar High School opened in 1916, but not before politics and personal issues played out in DC. Naming the school after the poet Paul Laurence Dunbar was the only universally supported decision. Dunbar’s story illustrates why he was the perfect namesake for what the NAACP called “The Greatest Negro High School in the Country.”

Chapter 6: Old School

The teachers of Dunbar High School were highly educated men and women who had extremely high standards for their students, both in and out of the classroom. One particular graduate, W. Allison Davis, class of 1920, became a groundbreaking anthropologist and also happens to be the father of the first person to hire a young Barack Obama straight out of law school.

Chapter 7: Chromatics

Dunbar’s history is dogged by charges of intra-racism. This chapter looks at the fact and fiction of Dunbar in color-struck DC.

Chapter 8: Coming of Age

Amid the growing unrest in DC, including a Dunbar teacher’s epic fight to regain her home after she was evicted due to a racial covenant, a smart but sassy young man from Harlem moved to DC to attend Dunbar. His friendship with a serious young beauty developed into a lovely and instructional tale about partnership. Their names are Joseph Turner Stewart Jr. and Carol Jocelyn Graham Stewart.

Chapter 9: Right to Serve

Dunbar produced the first black general, many of the Tuskegee airmen, and the first black graduate of the Naval Academy, Lt. Commander Wesley Brown. Brown never gave up, despite harassment and abuse while at Annapolis. He also received some help from upperclassman and future president James Carter. Carter’s interview sheds light on the racial situation in the navy at that time.

Chapter 10: Bolling not Brown

The architect of school desegregation, Charles Hamilton Houston, was a Dunbar/M Street grad, as were three of the lawyers arguing the landmark cases under Brown V. The Board of Education. This chapter looks at how the cases were argued in front of the Supreme Court and specifically how different the strategy was when it came to the Bolling V. Sharpe case in DC.

Chapter 11: Elite versus Elitism

In the 1960s, Dunbar graduates saw great success. They also suffered from a backlash at the hands of angry, young black men and women who felt left behind. Senator Ed Brooke, Dunbar ’36, and Valerie Jarrett, whose father went to Dunbar, discuss this difficult time.

Chapter 12: New School

In the 1970s, an epic battle ensued between those who wanted to tear down Dunbar High School and those who wanted to preserve it.

Chapter 13: Children Left Behind

In 2007, Michelle Rhee took over DC’s public school system. Rhee explains her bold decision about Dunbar that failed No Child Left Behind five years in a row.

Chapter 14: From Bed Stuy to Shaw

The Friends of Bedford, a successful outside contractor from NYC, relocated to DC to turn around Dunbar. The men moved to DC and laid out their plan, but encountered entrenched ideas.